Imikhiqizo
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I-YY227R Accelerotor Abrasion Tester(AATCC TM93)
Ukusetshenziswa Kwethuluzi:
Lo mhloli ufanelekela ukuhlola ukumelana kokuguguleka kwezindwangu nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo.
Ukuhambisana Nezindinganiso:
I-AATCC93-2016 kanye nezinye izindinganiso.
Izici zomkhiqizo:
1. Ukuboniswa kwedijithali kwesivinini sokuhlola, ukunemba okuphezulu, ukulungiswa okulula;
2. Umshini wonke uluhlobo lwedeskithophu, kulula futhi kulula ukuwusebenzisa;
3. Umnyango wohlobo lwe-Snap-on, ukusebenza kahle kokuvala, okuvumela ukushintshwa okusheshayo kwamasampula okuhlola;
4. Isisekelo somshini sihlonyiswe ngerabha enciphisa ukudlidliza, ukufakwa okulula, ukusebenza okuzinzile, futhi asikho isidingo sokufakwa kwezikulufo ze-anchor;
5. Injini yemvamisa eguquguqukayo yokulawula isivinini, ukusebenza okuzinzile, umthamo oqinile womthwalo;
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Isivivinyo Sezinga Lokudluliselwa Komhwamuko Wamanzi i-YY501H (ASTM E96)
Ukusetshenziswa Kwethuluzi:
Leli thuluzi lisetshenziselwa ukukala ukungena kwamanzi kwezingubo zokuzivikela zezokwelapha, izindwangu ezahlukahlukene ezimboziwe, izindwangu ezihlanganisiwe, ulwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe nezinye izinto.
Izindinganiso Ezisebenzayo:
I-GB 19082-2009: Izidingo Zobuchwepheshe Zezingubo Zokuvikela Ezilahlwayo Zezokwelapha 5.4.2 Ukuvunyelwa Kwamanzi;
GB/T 12704-1991: Indlela Yokulinganisa Ukutholakala Kwamanzi Kwezindwangu – Indlela Yendebe Yamanzi 6.1 Indlela A Indlela Yokumunca;
GB/T 12704.1-2009: Izindlela Zokuhlola Ukutholakala Kwamanzi Kwezindwangu – Ingxenye 1: Indlela Yokumunca;
GB/T 12704.2-2009: Izindlela Zokuhlola Ukutholakala Kwamanzi Kwezindwangu – Ingxenye 2: Indlela Yokuhwamuka Komswakama;
I-ASTM E96; Izindlela Zokuhlola Ezijwayelekile Zokudluliselwa Kwezinto Zomusi Wamanzi
I-JIS L1099-2012 kanye nezinye izindinganiso.
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Isikhiphi Sesampula Sokuhlola Izinyembezi se-YY108D-1
Incazelo Yomkhiqizo:
I-YY108D-1 Tear Tester Sample Cutter iyithuluzi elisha elikhethekile elenzelwe ukusika amasampula ajwayelekile ezinto zeshidi ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kuka-3mm, njengephepha, iphepha elikhethekile, amafilimu, izindwangu ezingalukiwe, indwangu yefayibha yengilazi, izindwangu, namashidi epulasitiki. Inezinzuzo zokunemba okuphezulu kokuthatha amasampula kanye nokusebenza okulula. Ifakwe ngama-blade esikhunta aphathwe ngokukhethekile, i-cutter ingasetshenziswa iminyaka eyi-10 ngaphandle kokushintshwa (ngaphandle komonakalo obangelwa izinto ezikhethekile ezinamandla aphezulu noma izici zabantu), okuvumela ukusika okusheshayo nokunembile kwamasampula ngezindawo ezijwayelekile zokuhlola amandla okudabula.
Izindinganiso Zokuphatha:
GB/T 455, QB/T 1050
Izinhlelo Zokuhlola:
Isicelo Esiyisisekelo
Isigaba Sezinto Ezibalulekile
Ububanzi Obusebenzayo
Iphepha Ifanelekela ukusampula iphepha eliyisisekelo, iphepha lokuphrinta, iphepha eliyinhloko, iphepha le-mica nezinye izinto zephepha Ibhodi Elinothayela Ilungele ukusampula amabhokisi anezimbobo, ibhodi lezitsha, ibhodi elinezimbobo, ibhodi elingenalutho nezinye izinto Iphepha Lokuhlanza Ifanelekela ukuthatha isampula yephepha lezicubu, ama-napkin ahlanzekile, ama-cotton pad/iphepha/amathawula nezinye izinto I-Foil Yensimbi Ifanelekela ukusampula i-foil yethusi, i-foil ye-aluminium nezinye izinto ezinobukhulu obuthile Izinto ze-Fiber Ifanelekela ukusampula i-fiber yengilazi, i-carbon fiber nezinye izinto Abanye Ilungele ukusampula izindwangu ezingalukiwe, indwangu, isikhumba, amashidi epulasitiki nezinye izinto -
Isivivinyo Sokuklebhula Komoya se-YY108D
Incazelo Yethuluzi:
Isivivinyo Sokuklebhula Kwe-Pneumatic se-YY108D senzelwe ukukala amandla adingekayo ukuklebhula inani elithile lamashidi aqalwe ngaphambilini, njengephepha, amafilimu epulasitiki, izinto ze-polymer, kanye nezindwangu ezingezona ezilukiwe. Ithuluzi lisebenzisa i-optical encoder ukukala indawo ye-engeli ye-pendulum ngesikhathi sokuklebhula futhi liguqula leli nani elilinganisiwe libe amayunithi okuklebhula. Lifanele ukunquma ukumelana kokuklebhula kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zephepha futhi lingasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlola ukumelana kokuklebhula kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezifana neshidi ezinamandla aphansi njengezindwangu, isikhumba, namafilimu. Lisetshenziswa kabanzi ezigayweni zamaphepha, ezikhungweni zocwaningo lwesayensi, kanye naseminyango yokuhlola ikhwalithi.
Isimiso Sokusebenza:
Inqwaba yamasampula okuhlola anezimbobo zangaphambili ezicacisiwe (ngokuvamile izendlalelo ezi-4) iyaboshelwa. I-pendulum iphakanyiswa iye ekuphakameni okuthile ukuze iqoqe inani elithile lamandla angaba khona. Lapho i-pendulum ishintsha ngokukhululeka, isebenzisa amandla ayo agciniwe ukuze idabule isampula ibanga elinqunyiwe. Umsebenzi owenziwe ekudabuleni isampula ulinganiswa ngokulahlekelwa kwamandla angaba khona e-pendulum.
Izindinganiso Zokuphatha:
I-GB/T 455, QB/T 1050, GB/T 16578.2, ISO 1974, TAPPI T414, ISO 6383-1, ISO 6383-2, ASTM D1922, ASTM D1424, ASTM D689
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Isivivinyo Sokuvunyelwa Komoya Okuzenzakalelayo se-YY461B Gerley
Incazelo Yethuluzi:
I-YY461B Gerley Permeability Tester isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe futhi ihlanganiswe nezindlela zokuhlola ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukukala ukungena komoya kwephepha, ibhodi lephepha, noma ezinye izinto ezifana neshidi. Iyithuluzi elizenzakalelayo ngokuphelele elilawulwa yi-microcomputer ehlelekayo. Izindlela zalo zokuhlola zihlangabezana nezidingo zezindinganiso ezahlukene ezifana neGurley, iBendtsen, neSheffield, okwenza kube ithuluzi elithuthukisiwe lokuhlola ukungena komoya kwephepha embonini yokwenza amaphepha, ukupakisha, kanye nogwayi eShayina, kanye nokusebenza okufinyelela amazinga omhlaba wonke.
Isimiso Sokusebenza:
Iklanywe ngokusekelwe endleleni yokucindezela okuhle, isampula ecutshungulwe ngaphambilini ibekwa phakathi kwezindawo zokulinganisa eziphezulu nezingezansi ukuze kwakheke umehluko wokucindezela oqhubekayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zesampula. Iqhutshwa umehluko wokucindezela, igesi igeleza isuka ohlangothini olunomfutho ophezulu idlula isampula iye ohlangothini olunomfutho ophansi. Ukungenela komoya kwesampula kubalwa ngokuya ngendawo yesampula, umehluko wokucindezela, kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza kwegesi.
Izindinganiso Zokuphatha:
SJ_T 10171-2016: Izindlela Zokuhlola Ezijwayelekile Zokusebenza Okuyisisekelo Kwabahlukanisi Bebhethri Le-Alkaline (Isigaba Sokungena Komoya)
I-GB/T 458-2008: Ukunqunywa Kokungena Komoya Kwephepha Nebhodi Lephepha
I-GB/T 36363-2018
Izihlukanisi ze-olyolefin zamabhethri e-Lithium-IonI-ISO 5636/2, QB/T 1667, GB/T 22819, GB/T 23227, ISO 2965, YC/T 172, GB/T 12655
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Umshini wokuhlola ukuthambekela kwe-elekthronikhi we-YYP-L1
Ukusetshenziswa Komkhiqizo:
Ifanele ukuhlola amandla okuthamba, amandla okuqhekeza, izinga lokuguguleka, amandla okuphuka, amandla okuqhekeza, amandla okuvula, njll. kwemikhiqizo efana namafilimu epulasitiki, amafilimu ahlanganisiwe, izinamathiseli, amatheyiphu okunamathela, ama-patches ezokwelapha, amafilimu okuvikela, iphepha lokukhulula, irabha, isikhumba sokwenziwa, kanye nemicu yephepha.
Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza:
Itheyiphu yokunamathela, izimoto, izinto zobumba.
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I-YYP-400DT Melt Flow Indexer (Ukulayisha okusheshayo)
Ukubuka konke kwe-I. Umsebenzi:
I-Melt flow Indexer (MFI) ibhekisela kwikhwalithi noma ivolumu yokuncibilika kokuncibilika ngokusebenzisa i-standard die njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10 ekushiseni okuthile kanye nomthwalo, okuvezwa yi-MFR (MI) noma inani le-MVR, elingahlukanisa izici zokugeleza okunamandla kwe-thermoplastics esimweni esincibilikisiwe. Ifaneleka kumapulasitiki obunjiniyela njenge-polycarbonate, i-nylon, i-fluoroplastic kanye ne-polyarylsulfone enokushisa okuphezulu kokuncibilika, kanye nakumapulasitiki anokushisa okuphansi kokuncibilika njenge-polyethylene, i-polystyrene, i-polyacrylic, i-ABS resin kanye ne-polyformaldehyde resin. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki, ekukhiqizweni kwepulasitiki, emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki, e-petrochemical nakwezinye izimboni kanye namakolishi namayunivesithi ahlobene, amayunithi ocwaningo lwesayensi, iminyango yokuhlola impahla.
II. Izinga Lomhlangano:
1.ISO 1133-2005—- Amapulasitiki - Ukunqunywa kwesilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-meltmass (MFR) kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza kwevolumu yokuncibilika (MVR) kwamapulasitiki e-thermoplastics
2.GBT 3682.1-2018 —–Amapulasitiki – Ukunqunywa kwezinga lokugeleza kwesisindo esincibilikayo (i-MFR) kanye nezinga lokugeleza kwevolumu yokuncibilika (i-MVR) yama-thermoplastics – Ingxenye 1: Indlela ejwayelekile
3.ASTM D1238-2013—- “Indlela Yokuhlola Ejwayelekile Yokunquma Izinga Lokugeleza Okuncibilikayo Kwepulasitiki Ye-Thermoplastic Kusetshenziswa Imitha Yepulasitiki Ekhishwe”
4.ASTM D3364-1999(2011) —–”Indlela Yokulinganisa Izinga Lokugeleza Kwe-Polyvinyl Chloride kanye Nemiphumela Engaba Khona Esakhiweni Sama-Molecular”
5.JJG878-1994 ——”Imithetho Yokuqinisekisa Yethuluzi Lesilinganiso Sokugeleza Kokuncibilika”
6.JB/T5456-2016—– “Ithuluzi Lokuncibilika Kwezinga Lokugeleza Kwe-Melt Izimo Zobuchwepheshe”
7.DIN53735, UNI-5640 kanye nezinye izindinganiso.
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Umshini Wokuhlanza I-Vacuum Stirring Defoaming we-YY-JA50 (1L) (i-Polyurethane)
Isifinyezo:
1. Umxube wokususa i-centrifugal planetary centrifugal.
2. Ingavuselela ngokulinganayo izinto ezahlukahlukene ngesikhathi esifushane, kufaka phakathi izinto ezinokuqina okuphezulu, uketshezi, ngisho nezinto zempuphu ye-nanoscale, futhi ingavuselela nezinto ezinesilinganiso esikhulu sokuxuba noma umehluko othile wamandla adonsela phansi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ivuselele futhi ikhiphe igwebu ngamandla amakhulu nangesivinini esikhulu.
II.Izicelo:
Uyinki wezinto ze-polymer zokupakisha/zokubonisa ze-LED, okunamathelayo, okunamathelayo kwesiliva, irabha ye-silicone eqhubayo, i-epoxy resin, i-LCD, imithi, ilabhorethri
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I-YYP-400E Melt Flow Indexer (MFR)
Izicelo:
Isivivinyo sezinga lokugeleza kokuncibilika kwe-YYP-400E siyithuluzi lokunquma ukusebenza kokugeleza kwama-polymer epulasitiki emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngokuhambisana nendlela yokuhlola echazwe ku-GB3682-2018. Sisetshenziselwa ukukala izinga lokugeleza kokuncibilika kwama-polymer njenge-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-polyoxymethylene, i-ABS resin, i-polycarbonate, i-nylon, kanye ne-fluoroplastics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Sisebenza ekukhiqizweni nasekucwaningweni emafektri, emabhizinisini nasezikhungweni zocwaningo lwesayensi.
Amapharamitha obuchwepheshe ayinhloko:
1. Isigaba sokukhipha i-extrusion:
Ububanzi bephothi yokukhipha ishaja: Φ2.095±0.005 mm
Ubude bephothi yokukhipha: 8.000±0.007 millimeters
Ububanzi besilinda yokulayisha: Φ9.550±0.007 mm
Ubude besilinda yokulayisha: 152±0.1 mm
Ububanzi bekhanda lenduku yepiston: 9.474±0.007 mm
Ubude bekhanda lenduku yepiston: 6.350±0.100 mm
2. Amandla Okuhlola Ajwayelekile (Amazinga Ayisishiyagalombili)
Izinga 1: 0.325 kg = (Induku yePiston + Ipani Lokukala + Isikhwama Sokuvikela + Isisindo Senombolo 1) = 3.187 N
Izinga 2: 1.200 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 2 0.875 Isisindo) = 11.77 N
Izinga 3: 2.160 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 3 1.835 Isisindo) = 21.18 N
Izinga 4: 3.800 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 4 3.475 Isisindo) = 37.26 N
Izinga 5: 5.000 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 5 4.675 Isisindo) = 49.03 N
Izinga 6: 10.000 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 5 4.675 Isisindo + Inombolo 6 5.000 Isisindo) = 98.07 N
Izinga 7: 12.000 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 5 4.675 Isisindo + Inombolo 6 5.000 + Inombolo 7 2.500 Isisindo) = 122.58 N
Izinga 8: 21.600 kg = (0.325 + Inombolo 2 0.875 Isisindo + Inombolo 3 1.835 + Inombolo 4 3.475 + Inombolo 5 4.675 + Inombolo 6 5.000 + Inombolo 7 2.500 + Inombolo 8 2.915 Isisindo) = 211.82 N
Iphutha elihlobene lesisindo liyi-≤ 0.5%.
3. Ububanzi Bokushisa: 50°C ~300°C
4. Ukuqina Kwezinga Lokushisa: ± 0.5°C
5. Ukunikezwa Kwamandla: 220V ± 10%, 50Hz
6. Izimo Zendawo Yokusebenza:
Izinga Lokushisa Eliphakathi: 10°C kuya ku-40°C;
Umswakama ohlobene: 30% kuya ku-80%;
Akukho Medium Egqwalisayo Ezindaweni Ezizungezile;
Akukho Umoya Oqinile Ongenawo Amandla;
Ayinawo Ukudlidliza noma Ukuphazamiseka Kwensimu Yama-Magnetic Okunamandla.
7. Ubukhulu Bezinsimbi: 280 mm × 350 mm × 600 mm (Ubude × Ububanzi ×Ukuphakama)
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I-GC-8850 Gas Chromatograph
I. Izici Zomkhiqizo:
1. Isebenzisa isikrini sokuthinta esingu-7 intshi esinesikrini saseShayina, esibonisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela yokushisa ngakunye kanye nezimo zokusebenza, ifinyelela ukuqapha okuku-inthanethi.
2. Inomsebenzi wokugcina amapharamitha. Ngemva kokuthi ithuluzi licinyiwe, lidinga kuphela ukuvula iswishi yamandla eyinhloko ukuze liqale futhi, futhi ithuluzi lizosebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokwesimo sangaphambi kokuba licinywe, liqaphela umsebenzi wangempela "wokulungela ukuqalisa".
3. Umsebenzi wokuzixilonga. Uma ithuluzi lingasebenzi kahle, lizobonisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isenzakalo sephutha, ikhodi, kanye nembangela ngesiShayina, lisize ekuboneni nasekuxazululeni iphutha ngokushesha, liqinisekise isimo sokusebenza esihle kakhulu selabhorethri.
4. Umsebenzi wokuvikela izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kokushisa: Uma noma yisiphi isiteshi sidlula izinga lokushisa elibekiwe, ithuluzi lizocisha ngokuzenzakalelayo bese livula i-alamu.
5. Ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kwegesi kanye nomsebenzi wokuvikela ukuvuza kwegesi. Uma ingcindezi yokunikezwa kwegesi inganele, ithuluzi lizonqamula ngokuzenzakalelayo ugesi futhi limise ukushisa, livikele ngempumelelo ikholomu ye-chromatographic kanye ne-thermal conductivity detector ekulimaleni.
6. Uhlelo lokuvula iminyango oluhlakaniphile olufiphele, olulandelela ngokuzenzakalelayo izinga lokushisa futhi lulungisa i-engeli yomnyango womoya ngendlela enamandla.
7. Ifakwe idivayisi yokujova ehlukanisayo/engenazinhlayiya enomsebenzi wokuhlanza i-diaphragm, futhi ingafakwa nge-gas injector.
8. Indlela yegesi eqinile kabili enembile kakhulu, ekwazi ukufaka ama-detector afinyelela kwabathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa.
9. Inqubo yendlela yegesi ethuthukisiwe, evumela ukusetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye kwesitholi somlilo we-hydrogen kanye nesitholi sokushisa.
10. Imisebenzi eyisishiyagalombili yemicimbi yangaphandle isekela ukushintsha kwama-valve amaningi.
11. Isebenzisa amavalvu esikali sedijithali anembile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kuphinde kuphindeke.
12. Zonke izixhumanisi zendlela yegesi zisebenzisa izixhumi ezinwetshiwe ezinezindlela ezimbili kanye namakinati endlela yegesi anwetshiwe ukuqinisekisa ukujula kokufakwa kwamapayipi endlela yegesi.
13. Isebenzisa ama-gasket okuvala indlela yegesi ye-silicone angenisiwe amelana nomfutho ophezulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu, okuqinisekisa umphumela omuhle wokuvala indlela yegesi.
14. Amapayipi egesi ensimbi engagqwali aphathwa ngokukhethekile nge-asidi kanye ne-alkali vacuum cleaner, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwamapayipi ngaso sonke isikhathi.
15. Imbobo yokungena, i-detector, kanye nesithando sokuguqula konke kuklanywe ngendlela ye-modular, okwenza ukuqaqa nokufaka esikhundleni kube lula kakhulu, ngisho nakulabo abangenalo ulwazi lokusebenza kwe-chromatography.
16. Ukunikezwa kwegesi, i-hydrogen, nomoya konke kusebenzisa ama-pressure gauges njengezinkomba, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi baqonde ngokucacile izimo zokuhlaziywa kwe-chromatographic ngokushesha futhi kube lula ukusebenza.
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I-GC-1690 Gas Chromatograph (Izinyibilikisi ezisele)
I. Izici Zomkhiqizo:
1. Ifakwe isibonisi sekristalu yoketshezi esikhulu esingamasentimitha angu-5.7 ngesiShayina, esibonisa idatha yesikhathi sangempela yezinga lokushisa ngalinye kanye nezimo zokusebenza, ifinyelela ukuqapha okuku-inthanethi ngokuphelele.
2. Inomsebenzi wokugcina amapharamitha. Ngemva kokuthi ithuluzi licinyiwe, lidinga kuphela ukuvula iswishi yamandla eyinhloko ukuze liqale futhi. Ithuluzi lizosebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokwesimo sangaphambi kokuba licinywe, liqaphela umsebenzi wangempela "wokulungela ukuqalisa".
3. Umsebenzi wokuzixilonga. Uma ithuluzi lingasebenzi kahle, lizobonisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isenzakalo sephutha, ikhodi yephutha, kanye nembangela yephutha, lisize ekuboneni nasekuxazululeni iphutha ngokushesha, liqinisekise isimo sokusebenza esihle kakhulu selabhorethri.
4. Umsebenzi wokuvikela izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kokushisa: Uma noma iyiphi yezindlela idlula izinga lokushisa elibekiwe, ithuluzi lizonqamula amandla ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi linikeze i-alamu.
5. Ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kwegesi kanye nomsebenzi wokuvikela ukuvuza kwegesi. Uma ingcindezi yokunikezwa kwegesi inganele, ithuluzi lizonqamula ngokuzenzakalelayo ugesi futhi limise ukushisa, livikele ngempumelelo ikholomu ye-chromatographic kanye ne-thermal conductivity detector ekulimaleni.
6. Uhlelo lokuvula iminyango oluhlakaniphile olufiphele, olulandelela ngokuzenzakalelayo izinga lokushisa futhi lulungisa i-engeli yomnyango womoya ngendlela enamandla.
7. Ilungiselelwe ngedivayisi yokujova engaqhekeki ye-capillary enomsebenzi wokuhlanza i-diaphragm, futhi ingafakwa nge-gas injector.
8. Indlela yegesi eqinile kabili enembile kakhulu, ekwazi ukufaka ama-detector afinyelela kwabathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa.
9. Inqubo yendlela yegesi ethuthukisiwe, evumela ukusetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye kwesitholi somlilo we-hydrogen kanye nesitholi sokushisa.
10. Imisebenzi eyisishiyagalombili yemicimbi yangaphandle isekela ukushintsha kwama-valve amaningi.
11. Ukusebenzisa amavalvu esikali sedijithali anembile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kuphinde kuphinde kukhiqizwe.
12. Zonke izixhumanisi zendlela yegesi zisebenzisa izixhumi ezinwetshiwe ezinezindlela ezimbili kanye namakinati endlela yegesi anwetshiwe ukuqinisekisa ukujula kokufakwa kwamapayipi endlela yegesi.
13. Ukusebenzisa ama-gasket okuvala indlela yegesi ye-silicone angenisiwe aseJapan anokumelana nokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu ukuqinisekisa umphumela omuhle wokuvala indlela yegesi.
14. Amapayipi egesi ensimbi engagqwali aphathwa ngokukhethekile nge-asidi kanye ne-alkali vacuum pumping ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwamapayipi.
15. Imbobo yokungena, i-detector, kanye ne-conversion furnace konke kuklanywe ngendlela ye-modular, okwenza ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlanganiswa kube lula kakhulu, futhi noma ubani ongenalo ulwazi lokusebenza kwe-chromatography angahlukanisa kalula, ahlanganise, futhi afake okunye.
16. Ukunikezwa kwegesi, i-hydrogen, nomoya konke kusebenzisa ama-pressure gauges njengezinkomba, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi baqonde ngokucacile izimo zokuhlaziywa kwe-chromatographic ngokushesha futhi kube lula ukusebenza.
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Isivivinyo Sokujiya Kwefilimu Esinembile Kakhulu se-YYP 203A
1. Ukubuka konke
I-YYP 203A Series Electronic Thickness Tester ithuthukiswe yinkampani yethu ngokwezindinganiso zikazwelonke ukukala ubukhulu bephepha, amakhadibhodi, iphepha langasese, ithuluzi lefilimu. I-YT-HE Series Electronic Thickness Tester isebenzisa inzwa yokufuduka enembile kakhulu, uhlelo lokuphakamisa imoto ye-stepper, imodi yokuxhuma inzwa entsha, ukuhlolwa kwethuluzi okuzinzile nokunembile, isivinini esilungisekayo, ingcindezi enembile, iyimishini yokuhlola efanele yokwenza iphepha, ukupakisha, ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nezimboni zokuqapha nokuhlola ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye neminyango. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingabalwa, iboniswe, iphrintwe, futhi ithunyelwe kusuka kudiski ye-U.
2. Izinga elijwayelekile
GB/T 451.3，QB/T 1055，GB/T 24328.2，ISO 534
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I-YY-HBM101 I-Plastic Moisture Analyzer
1 .Isingeniso
1.1 Incazelo Yomkhiqizo
I-YY-HBM101 Plastic Moisture Analyser kulula ukuyisebenzisa, inesilinganiso esinembile, inezici ezilandelayo:
- Isikrini sokuthinta umbala esingahleleka
- Ukwakhiwa okuqinile okumelana namakhemikhali
-Ukusebenza kwedivayisi okusebenzayo, isikrini esikhulu esilula ukusifunda
-Imisebenzi yemenyu elula
- Imenyu yemisebenzi eminingi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ungasetha imodi yokusebenza, imodi yokuphrinta, njll.
- Imodi yokomisa ekhethiwe kakhulu eyakhelwe ngaphakathi
- Isizindalwazi esakhelwe ngaphakathi singagcina idatha yomswakama eyi-100, idatha yesampula eyi-100, kanye nedatha yesampula eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.- Isizindalwazi esakhelwe ngaphakathi singagcina idatha yomzila wokuhlola engu-2000
- I-RS232 eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-USB okukhethekayo i-USB flash drive
- Bonisa yonke idatha yokuhlola ngesikhathi sokomisa
-Iphrinta yangaphandle eyongeziwe ongayikhetha1.2 Incazelo yenkinobho yesikhombimsebenzisi
Izihluthulelo Ukusebenza okuqondile Phrinta Xhuma ukuphrinta ukuze uphrinte idatha yomswakama Londoloza Londoloza idatha yomswakama ku-Statistics kanye ne-USB flash drive (nge-USB flash drive) Qala Qala noma umise ukuhlolwa komswakama Shintsha Idatha efana nokubuyiswa komswakama iyaguqulwa futhi iboniswe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komswakama U-Zero Isisindo singabekwa ku-zero esimweni sokulinganisa, futhi ungacindezela lesi sihluthulelo ukuze ubuyele esimweni sokulinganisa ngemva kokuhlola umswakama KHANYISA CISHA Vala uhlelo Umtapo wolwazi wesampula Faka umtapo wolwazi wesampula ukuze usethe amapharamitha esampula noma amapharamitha esistimu yokushaya ucingo Ukusetha Iya kuzilungiselelo zesistimu Izibalo Ungabuka, ususe, uphrinte, noma uthumele izibalo I-YY-HBM101 Plastic Moisture Analyser ingasetshenziswa ukunquma okuqukethwe komswakama kwanoma iyiphi into. Ithuluzi lisebenza ngokwesimiso se-thermogravimetry: ithuluzi liqala ukukala isisindo sesampula; Isici sokushisa sangaphakathi se-halogen sishisa isampula ngokushesha futhi amanzi ayahwamuka. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokomisa, ithuluzi lihlala lilinganisa isisindo sesampula futhi libonise imiphumela. Ngemva kokuba ukomisa sekuqediwe, okuqukethwe komswakama wephethini %, okuqukethwe okuqinile %, isisindo G noma ukubuyiselwa komswakama % kuyaboniswa.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni yisilinganiso sokushisa. Ukushisa kwe-halogen kungafinyelela amandla okushisa aphezulu ngesikhathi esincane kunezindlela zokushisa zendabuko ze-infrared noma ze-oven. Ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu nakho kuyisici ekunciphiseni izikhathi zokomisa. Ukunciphisa isikhathi kusiza ekwandiseni umkhiqizo.
Zonke izilinganiso ezilinganisiwe (izinga lokushisa lokomisa, isikhathi sokomisa, njll.) zingakhethwa kusengaphambili.
I-YY-HBM101 Plastic Moisture Analyser nayo inezinye izici, okuhlanganisa:
- Idathabheyisi ephelele yenqubo yokomisa ingagcina idatha yesampula.
-Imisebenzi yokomisa yezinhlobo zamasampula.
- Ingarekhoda futhi igcine izilungiselelo nezilinganiso.I-YY-HBM101 Plastic Moisture Analyser isebenza ngokugcwele futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Isikrini sokuthinta esinombala ongu-5 intshi sisekela ulwazi oluhlukahlukene lokubonisa. Umtapo wolwazi wendlela yokuhlola ungagcina amapharamitha okuhlola isampula angaphambilini, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokufaka idatha entsha lapho uhlola amasampula afanayo. Isikrini sokuthinta singabonisa negama lokuhlola, izinga lokushisa elikhethiwe, izinga lokushisa langempela, isikhathi kanye nephesenti lomswakama, iphesenti eliqinile, igremu, i-moisture recover % kanye ne-heating curve ebonisa isikhathi kanye nephesenti.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingafakelwa isikhombimsebenzisi se-USB sangaphandle ukuxhuma idiski ye-U, ungathumela idatha yezibalo, idatha yomzila wokuhlola. Ingaphinde igcine idatha yomswakama wokuhlola kanye nedatha yokuhlola ngesikhathi sangempela.
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Umshini Wokuqinisa Intambo Eyodwa we-YY-001 (womoya)
1. Isingeniso Somkhiqizo
Umshini Wokuqinisa Intambo Eyodwa uyithuluzi lokuhlola ukunemba elihlangene, elisebenza ngezindlela eziningi elinokunemba okuphezulu kanye nomklamo ohlakaniphile. Yakhiwe yinkampani yethu ngokuhambisana namazinga omhlaba wonke okuhlolwa kwefayibha eyodwa kanye nemithethonqubo kazwelonke eyenzelwe izidingo zemboni yezindwangu yaseShayina, lo mshini usebenzisa izinhlelo zokulawula eziku-inthanethi ezisekelwe ku-PC eziqapha ngokuguquguqukayo amapharamitha okusebenza. Ngokubonisa idatha ye-LCD kanye namakhono okuphrinta ngqo, inikeza ukusebenza okuthembekile ngokusebenza okulula ukuyisebenzisa. Iqinisekiswe yizindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kufaka phakathi i-GB9997 kanye ne-GB/T14337, umhloli uphumelela kakhulu ekuhloleni izakhiwo zomshini ezithambile zezinto ezomile njengefayibha yemvelo, ifayibha yamakhemikhali, ifayibha yokwenziwa, ifayibha ekhethekile, ifayibha yengilazi, kanye nefayibha yensimbi. Njengethuluzi elibalulekile locwaningo lwefayibha, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi, iye yamukelwa kabanzi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlanganisa izindwangu, i-metallurgy, amakhemikhali, ukukhiqiza okulula, kanye ne-elekthronikhi.
Le ncwadi iqukethe izinyathelo zokusebenza kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha. Sicela ufunde le ncwadi ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokufaka nokusebenzisa ithuluzi ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa enembile.
2 .Si-afety
2.1 Suphawu lwe-afety
Funda futhi uqonde yonke imiyalelo ngaphambi kokuvula nokusebenzisa idivayisi.
2.2Eukuhlanganiswa kuvaliwe
Esimweni esiphuthumayo, wonke amandla aya emishinini anganqanyulwa. Ithuluzi lizocinywa ngokushesha bese isivivinyo sima.
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Isivivinyo Sokuvutha Sepulasitiki se-UL-94 (Isikrini Sokuthinta)
isingeniso somkhiqizo:
Lo mhloli ufanelekela ukuhlola nokuhlola izici zokusha kwezinto zepulasitiki. Wenzelwe futhi wakhiqizwa ngokwemibandela efanele ye-United States UL94 standard “Ukuhlolwa Kokusha kwezinto zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa emishinini nasezintweni zemishini”. Wenza ukuhlolwa kokusha okuvundlile nokuqondile ezingxenyeni zepulasitiki zemishini namathuluzi, futhi ufakwe imitha yokugeleza kwegesi ukulungisa usayizi welangabi nokwamukela imodi yokushayela imoto. Ukusebenza okulula nokuphephile. Lo mshini ungahlola ukusha kwezinto noma amapulasitiki e-foam njenge: V-0, V-1, V-2, HB, ibanga.
Izindinganiso zokuhlangana
Ukuhlolwa kokusha kwe-UL94
I-GBT2408-2008 "Ukunqunywa kwezakhiwo zokusha zepulasitiki - indlela evundlile kanye nendlela evundlile"
IEC60695-11-10 "Ukuhlolwa komlilo"
GB5169
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I-Viscometer Yesikrini Sokuthinta Esihlakaniphile se-YY Series
1. (Ukulawulwa Kwesivinini Esingenazinyathelo) I-Viscometer Yesikrini Sokuthinta Esebenza Kakhulu:
① Yamukela ubuchwepheshe be-ARM ngohlelo lwe-Linux olwakhelwe ngaphakathi. I-interface yokusebenza imfushane futhi icacile, ivumela ukuhlolwa kwe-viscosity okusheshayo nokulula ngokudala izinhlelo zokuhlola nokuhlaziywa kwedatha.
②Ukulinganiswa okunembile kwe-viscosity: Uhla ngalunye lulinganiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo yikhompyutha, okuqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nephutha elincane.
③ Okuqukethwe kwesibonisi okucebile: Ngaphezu kwe-viscosity (i-dynamic viscosity kanye ne-kinematic viscosity), kukhombisa futhi izinga lokushisa, izinga lokucheba, ukucindezeleka kokucheba, iphesenti yenani elilinganisiwe enanini eligcwele (isibonisi sesithombe), i-alamu yokugcwala kobubanzi, ukuskena okuzenzakalelayo, ibanga lokulinganisa i-viscosity ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yejubane le-rotor yamanje, usuku, isikhathi, njll. Ingabonisa i-kinematic viscosity lapho ubuningi baziwa, ihlangabezana nezidingo zokulinganisa ezahlukene zabasebenzisi.
④ Imisebenzi ephelele: Ukulinganisa okunesikhathi, amasethi angu-30 ezakhelwe wena ezinhlelo zokuhlola, ukugcinwa kwamasethi angu-30 edatha yokulinganisa, ukuboniswa kwama-curve e-viscosity ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuphrinta idatha nama-curve, njll.
⑤Izinga elifakwe ngaphambili: Liyashesha futhi lilungele ukulungiswa okuvundlile.
⑥ Ukulawulwa kwesivinini okungenazinyathelo
Uchungechunge lwe-YY-1T: 0.3-100 rpm, ngezinhlobo ezingu-998 zesivinini sokujikeleza
Uchungechunge lwe-YY-2T: 0.1-200 rpm, ngezinhlobo ezingu-2000 zesivinini sokujikeleza
⑦Ukuboniswa kwejika lokugunda ukusika uma kuqhathaniswa nejika lokugunda ukusika: Ububanzi bejika lokugunda ukusika bungabekwa futhi buboniswe ngesikhathi sangempela kukhompyutha; bungabonisa futhi ijika lokugunda ukusika uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi
⑧ I-probe yokushisa ye-Pt100 ongayikhetha: Ububanzi bokulinganisa izinga lokushisa, kusukela ku--20 kuya ku-300℃, ngokunemba kokulinganisa izinga lokushisa okungu-0.1℃
⑨Izesekeli ezicebile ongazikhetha: Ibhavu le-thermostatic eliqondene ne-Viscometer, indebe ye-thermostatic, iphrinta, amasampula e-viscosity ajwayelekile (uwoyela we-silicone ojwayelekile), njll.
⑩ Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesiShayina nesiNgisi
Ama-viscometer/rheometer ochungechunge lwe-YY anobubanzi obukhulu bokulinganisa, kusukela ku-00 mPa·s kuya ku-320 million mPa·s, ahlanganisa cishe amasampula amaningi. Ngokusebenzisa ama-rotor e-disc e-R1-R7, ukusebenza kwawo kufana nokwama-viscometer e-Brookfield ohlobo olufanayo futhi angasetshenziswa njengokufaka esikhundleni. Ama-viscometer ochungechunge lwe-DV asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezinobukhulu obuphakathi nobukhulu njengopende, ukumbozwa, izimonyo, uyinki, i-pulp, ukudla, amafutha, isitashi, izinamathiselo ezisekelwe ku-solvent, i-latex, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-biochemical.
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Imitha Yobumhlophe Bedeskithophu ye-YY-WB-2
Izicelo:
Ifaneleka kakhulu ezintweni ezimhlophe nezicishe zibe mhlophe noma ukulinganisa ubumhlophe bomphezulu wempuphu. Inani lobumhlophe elihambisana nokuzwela okubonakalayo lingatholakala ngokunembile. Leli thuluzi lingasetshenziswa kabanzi ekunyatheliseni nasekudayeni izindwangu, upende nezingubo, izinto zokwakha zamakhemikhali, iphepha nekhadibhodi, imikhiqizo yepulasitiki, usimende omhlophe, izinto zobumba, i-enamel, ubumba lwaseShayina, i-talc, isitashi, ufulawa, usawoti, insipho, izimonyo nezinye izinto zokulinganisa ubumhlophe.
Wisimiso sokusebenza:
Ithuluzi lisebenzisa isimiso sokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric kanye nesekethe yokuguqulwa kwe-analog-digital ukukala inani lamandla okukhanya eliboniswa ubuso besampula, ngokukhulisa isignali, ukuguqulwa kwe-A/D, ukucubungula idatha, bese ekugcineni kuboniswa inani elifanele lobumhlophe.
Izici zokusebenza:
1. Ukunikezwa kwamandla e-Ac, DC, ukucushwa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukwakheka kwesimo okuncane nokuhle, okulula ukukusebenzisa ensimini noma elabhorethri (imitha yobumhlophe ephathekayo).
2. Ifakwe inkomba ye-voltage ephansi, ukuvala okuzenzakalelayo kanye nesekethe yokusebenzisa amandla ephansi, okungandisa ngempumelelo isikhathi sesevisi yebhethri (imitha yobumhlophe yohlobo lokusunduza).
3. Ukusebenzisa isibonisi se-LCD se-LCD sesikrini esikhulu esinencazelo ephezulu, esinokufundwa okukhululekile, futhi esingathinteki ukukhanya kwemvelo. 4, ukusetshenziswa kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe eguquguqukayo ephansi, umthombo wokukhanya osebenza kahle isikhathi eside, kungaqinisekisa ngempumelelo ukusebenza okuzinzile kwethuluzi isikhathi eside.
5. Umklamo wendlela obonakalayo onengqondo futhi olula ungaqinisekisa ngempumelelo ukunemba kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwenani elilinganisiwe.
6. Ukusebenza okulula, kungalinganisa ngokunembile ukungabonakali kwephepha.
7. Ibhodi elimhlophe lokulinganisa likazwelonke lisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa inani elijwayelekile, futhi ukulinganisa kunembile futhi kuthembekile.
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Umshini Wokuxubha we-Vacuum we-YY-JA50 (20L)
Izicelo:
Uyinki wezinto ze-polymer zokupakisha/zokubonisa ze-LED, okunamathelayo, okunamathelayo kwesiliva, irabha ye-silicone eqhubayo, i-epoxy resin, i-LCD, imithi, ilabhorethri
1. Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kanye nokujikeleza, kanye nephampu yokuvasa esebenza kahle kakhulu, izinto zixutshwa ngokulinganayo zingakapheli imizuzu emi-2 kuya kwemi-5, kanti izinqubo zokuxuba kanye nokuhlanza zenziwa ngasikhathi sinye. 2. Ijubane lokujikeleza kanye nokujikeleza lingalawulwa ngokuzimela, lenzelwe izinto okunzima kakhulu ukuzixuba ngokulinganayo.
3. Ihlanganiswe nomgqomo wensimbi engagqwali ongu-20L, ingaphatha izinto ezisukela ku-1000g kuya ku-20000g futhi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza ngobuningi obukhulu ngempumelelo.
4.Kunamasethi ayi-10 edatha yokugcina (engenziwa ngezifiso), futhi isethi ngayinye yedatha ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezi-5 ukuze kusethwe amapharamitha ahlukene njengesikhathi, isivinini, kanye nezinga le-vacuum, okungahlangabezana nezidingo zokuxuba izinto zokukhiqiza ngobuningi obukhulu.
5. Isivinini esiphezulu sokujikeleza kanye nokujikeleza singafinyelela ukujikeleza okungu-900 ngomzuzu (okulungisekayo okungu-0-900), okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okufanayo kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezinokuqina okuphezulu esikhathini esifushane.
6. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezihamba phambili embonini ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza komshini ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside kwemithwalo eminingi.
7. Eminye imisebenzi yomshini ingenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokuya ngezidingo zamakhasimende.
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Isikhiphi seSoxhlet se-YY-06A
Isingeniso Semishini:
Ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokukhipha i-Soxhlet, indlela ye-gravimetric iyasetshenziswa ukunquma okuqukethwe kwamafutha okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu kanye nokudla. Landela i-GB 5009.6-2016 “Izinga Likazwelonke Lokuphepha Kokudla – Ukunqunywa Kwamafutha Ekudleni”; GB/T 6433-2006 “Ukunqunywa Kwamafutha Angahluziwe Ekudleni” SN/T 0800.2-1999 “Izindlela Zokuhlola Amafutha Angahluziwe Okusanhlamvu Okungenisiwe Nokuthunyelwe Kwamanye Amazwe kanye Nokudla”
Lo mkhiqizo ufakwe uhlelo lwangaphakathi lokuqandisa ngogesi, okususa isidingo somthombo wamanzi wangaphandle. Uphinde ufeze ukufakwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ukufakwa kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha, kanye nokubuyiselwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinyibilikisi emuva ethangini lezinyibilikisi ngemva kokuba uhlelo luqediwe, okufeza ukuzenzekela okugcwele kuyo yonke inqubo. Unezimo zokusebenza ezizinzile kanye nokunemba okuphezulu, futhi ufakwe izindlela eziningi zokukhipha okuzenzakalelayo ezifana nokukhipha iSoxhlet, ukukhipha okushisayo, ukukhipha okushisayo kweSoxhlet, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokukhipha okushisayo okujwayelekile.
Izinzuzo zemishini:
Isikrini sokuthinta esinombala esingu-7 intshi esibonakalayo nesilula
Isikrini sokulawula siyisikrini sokuthinta esinombala esingu-7 intshi. Ingemuva linobuthi futhi linganamatheliswa ebusweni bethuluzi noma lisuswe ukuze lisetshenziswe ngesandla. Sinezindlela zokuhlaziya okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezindlela zokuhlaziya ngesandla.
Ukuhlela uhlelo olusekelwe kumenyu kuyaqondakala, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi kungaphindaphindwa izikhathi eziningi.
1)★ Ubuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi "Uhlelo Lokuqandisa Lwe-elekthronikhi Olwakhelwe Ngaphakathi"
Ayidingi umthombo wamanzi wangaphandle, yonga amanzi amaningi ompompi, ayinazo iziqandisi zamakhemikhali, iyonga amandla, inobungani nemvelo, futhi inokukhipha amanzi amaningi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-reflux.
2)★ Ubuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi "Ukwengezwa Okuzenzakalelayo Kwezinyibilikisi Zemvelo" uhlelo
A. Umthamo wokwengeza okuzenzakalelayo: 5-150ml. Faka ngokulandelana ezinkomishini eziyisithupha ze-solvent noma engeza enkomishini ye-solvent ekhethiwe
B. Uma uhlelo lusebenza kunoma iyiphi i-node, izinyibilikisi zingangezwa ngokuzenzakalelayo noma zengezwe ngesandla
3)★ Ukuqoqwa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokwengezwa kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo kudivayisi yethangi le-solvent
Ekupheleni kwenqubo yokukhipha, i-organic solvent etholakele “iqoqwa ngokuzenzakalelayo esitsheni sensimbi” ukuze isetshenziswe ngokulandelayo.
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Isikhiphi seSoxhlet se-YY-06
Isingeniso Semishini:
Ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokukhipha i-Soxhlet, indlela ye-gravimetric iyasetshenziswa ukunquma okuqukethwe kwamafutha okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu kanye nokudla. Landela i-GB 5009.6-2016 “Izinga Likazwelonke Lokuphepha Kokudla – Ukunqunywa Kwamafutha Ekudleni”; GB/T 6433-2006 “Ukunqunywa Kwamafutha Angahluziwe Ekudleni” SN/T 0800.2-1999 “Izindlela Zokuhlola Amafutha Angahluziwe Okusanhlamvu Okungenisiwe Nokuthunyelwe Kwamanye Amazwe kanye Nokudla”
Lo mkhiqizo wenzelwe ukusebenza ngokuchofoza okukodwa okuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele, okubandakanya ukusebenza okulula, ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nokunemba okuphezulu. Unikeza izindlela eziningi zokukhipha okuzenzakalelayo ezifana nokukhipha iSoxhlet, ukukhipha okushisayo, ukukhipha okushisayo kweSoxhlet, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokukhipha okushisayo okujwayelekile.
Izinzuzo zemishini:
Isikrini sokuthinta esinombala esingu-7 intshi esibonakalayo nesilula
Isikrini sokulawula siyisikrini sokuthinta esinombala esingu-7 intshi. Ingemuva linobuthi futhi linganamatheliswa ebusweni bethuluzi noma lisuswe ukuze lisetshenziswe ngesandla. Sinezindlela zokuhlaziya okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezindlela zokuhlaziya ngesandla.
Ukuhlela uhlelo olusekelwe kumenyu kuyaqondakala, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi kungaphindaphindwa izikhathi eziningi
