Ngokuthuthuka kwabantu kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi, izidingo zabantu ngezindwangu aziyona nje imisebenzi elula, kodwa futhi zinaka kakhulu ukuphepha nempilo yazo, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo eluhlaza kanye nemvelo yemvelo. Namuhla, lapho abantu bekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo nokudla okuluhlaza, ukuphepha kwezindwangu kuye kwaheha ukunaka kwabantu abaningi. Umbuzo wokuthi izindwangu ziyingozi yini emzimbeni womuntu usube ngenye yezindawo ezibalulekile abantu abazinakayo ngaphezu kwemithi nokudla.
Indwangu ibhekisela ku-fiber yemvelo kanye ne-fiber yamakhemikhali njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphotha, ukuluka, ukudaya kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula noma ukuthunga, ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe nobunye futhi obenziwe ngemikhiqizo. Kubandakanya izindwangu zezingubo, izindwangu zokuhlobisa, izindwangu zezimboni.
Izindwangu zezingubo zifaka phakathi:(1) zonke izinhlobo zezingubo; (2) zonke izinhlobo zezindwangu zendwangu ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingubo; (3) ulwelwesi, ukugoqa, ukugcwalisa, intambo yokuhlobisa, intambo yokuthunga nezinye izesekeli zendwangu.
Izindwangu zokuhlobisa zifaka: (1) izinto zangaphakathi – amakhethini (amakhethini, ikhethini), izindwangu zetafula (amanapkin, indwangu yetafula), izindwangu zefenisha (isofa lobuciko lendwangu, isembozo sefenisha), imihlobiso yangaphakathi (imihlobiso yombhede, amakhaphethi); (2) Izinto zokulala (indwangu yokumboza imibhede, isembozo sendwangu, isikhwama somcamelo, ithawula lomcamelo, njll.); (3) Izinto zangaphandle (amatende, izambulela, njll.).
I. Ukusebenza kokuphepha kwezindwangu
(1) Izidingo zomklamo wokuphepha kokubukeka komkhiqizo. Izinkomba eziyinhloko yilezi:
1.Ukuqina kobukhulu: kuhlukaniswe kakhulu ngezinga lokushintsha kobukhulu bokuhlanza okomile kanye nezinga lokushintsha kobukhulu bokuhlanza. Kubhekisela ezingeni lokushintsha kobukhulu bendwangu ngemva kokuwasha noma ukuhlanza okomile bese komiswa. Ikhwalithi yokuqina ithinta ngqo ukusebenza kwezindleko zezindwangu kanye nomphumela wokugqokwa kwezingubo.
2. Amandla okuxebuka kwendwangu enamathelayo: kumasudi, amajazi kanye namahembe, indwangu imbozwe ngesendlalelo sendwangu enamathelayo engalukiwe noma indwangu enamathelayo elukiwe, ukuze indwangu ibe nokuqina nokuqina okuhambisanayo, kuyilapho yenza abathengi bangabi lula ukuyishintsha futhi bangabi nesimo esihle enkambisweni yokugqokwa, idlala indima “yesikhumba” sengubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka futhi ukugcina amandla okunamathela phakathi kwendwangu enamathelayo nendwangu ngemva kokugqokwa nokuwashwa.
3. Ukufaka i-Pilling: Ukufaka i-Pilling kubhekisela ezingeni lokufaka i-Pilling yendwangu ngemva kokungqubuzana. Ukubukeka kwendwangu kuba kubi kakhulu ngemva kokufaka i-Pilling, okuthinta ngqo ubuhle bayo.
4. Ukushelela kwentambo noma ukushelela kwentambo: ukushelela okuphezulu kwentambo kude nomthungo weminwe lapho umthungo weminwe ucindezelwe futhi weluliwe. Ngokuvamile kubhekisela ezingeni lokuqhekeka kwe-slime lemithungo eyinhloko yemikhiqizo yezingubo efana nomthungo wemikhono, umthungo wengalo, umthungo oseceleni kanye nomthungo wangemuva. Izinga lokushelela alikwazanga ukufinyelela ku-standard index, okwakubonisa ukulungiselelwa okungafanele kwentambo ye-warp kanye ne-weft ezintweni ze-lining kanye nokuqina okuncane, okwathinta ngqo ukubukeka kokugqokwa futhi kwakungagqokwa.
5.Ukuphuka, ukuklebhula noma ukujikijela, ukuphuka kwamandla: ukuphuka kwamandla kuqondisa indwangu ukuthi ithwale amandla amakhulu okuphuka; Amandla okuklebhula abhekisela endwangu elukiwe yinto, ihhuku, ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kwendawo kanye nokwakheka kokuqhekeka, uboya noma indwangu yokubamba kwendawo, kangangokuthi indwangu yaklebhuka phakathi, futhi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuklebhula: ukuqhuma, izingxenye zendwangu ezibonisa ukuqhuma kwe-burst pointer zabiza ukwanda nokuqhuma, lezi zinkomba azifaneleki, zithinta ngqo umphumela wokusetshenziswa kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo.
6.Okuqukethwe kwefayibha: kubonisa ukwakheka kwefayibha kanye nobuningi obuqukethwe yindwangu. Okuqukethwe kwefayibha ulwazi olubalulekile olubhekisela kumthengi ukuthi athenge umkhiqizo futhi lungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezinquma inani lomkhiqizo, ezinye zidlula ngamabomu zibe yizicathulo, zidlula zibe yinkohliso, ezinye ziphawula ngokungahleliwe, zidida umqondo, zikhohlisa umthengi.
7. ukumelana nokuguguleka: kubhekisela ezingeni lokumelana nokuguguleka kwendwangu, ukuguguleka kuyisici esiyinhloko somonakalo wendwangu, kuthinta ngqo ukuqina kwendwangu.
8. Izidingo zokuthunga zokubukeka: okuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kwezincazelo, amaphutha ebusweni, ukuthunga, uku-ayina, intambo, amabala kanye nomehluko wombala, njll., ukuhlola ukubukeka ngokubala amaphutha. Ikakhulukazi, izinsana njengeqembu elisengozini, bekulokhu kugxilwe kithi ukuvikela into, izindwangu ezisetshenziswa izinsana zithintana ngqo nezidingo zansuku zonke zezingane, ukuphepha kwayo, induduzo, abazali kanye nomphakathi wonke yizinto ezigxilwe kakhulu. Isibonelo, izidingo zemikhiqizo enama-zipper, ubude bentambo, usayizi wekhola, indawo yokuthunga yelebula yokuqina kophawu lokuhweba, izidingo zokuhlobisa, kanye nezidingo zengxenye yokunyathelisa konke kuhilela ukuphepha.
(2) Izindwangu ezisetshenzisiwe, izesekeli ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini izinto eziyingozi. Izinkomba eziyinhloko yilezi：
Okuqukethwe kwe-formaldehyde:
1.I-Formaldehyde ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuqedeni i-resin ye-fiber yendwangu emsulwa kanye nendwangu ehlanganisiwe kanye nokuqedela eminye imikhiqizo yezingubo. Inemisebenzi yoku-ayina mahhala, ukuvimbela ukushwabana, ukuvikela imibimbi kanye nokuhlanza kalula. Izindwangu zezingubo ezenziwe nge-formaldehyde eningi, i-formaldehyde enqubweni yabantu abagqoka zizokhishwa kancane kancane, ukuphefumula kanye nokuxhumana kwesikhumba emzimbeni womuntu, i-formaldehyde emzimbeni womgudu wokuphefumula kanye nesikhumba ikhiqiza ukukhuthazwa okukhulu, ibangele izifo ezihlobene futhi ingabangela umdlavuza, ukudla isikhathi eside i-formaldehyde ephansi kungabangela ukulahlekelwa yisifiso sokudla, ukwehla kwesisindo, ubuthakathaka, uphawu olufana nokungalali, ubuthi ezinganeni bubonakala njenge-asthma, i-tracheitis, ukukhubazeka kwe-chromosome, kanye nokumelana okunciphile.
Inani le-2.PH
Inani le-PH liyinkomba evame ukusetshenziswa ekhombisa amandla e-asidi kanye ne-alkalinity, ngokuvamile phakathi kwenani elingu-0 ~ 14. Isikhumba somuntu siphethe ungqimba lwe-asidi ebuthakathaka ukuvimbela izifo ukuthi zingangeni. Ngakho-ke, izindwangu, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo ethintana ngqo nesikhumba, zinomphumela wokuvikela esikhumbeni uma inani le-pH lingalawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga le-asidi engathathi hlangothi kuya kwebuthakathaka. Uma kungenjalo, kungacasula isikhumba, kubangele umonakalo wesikhumba, amagciwane, kanye nesifo.
3. Ukushesha Kombala
Ukungaguquguquki kombala kubhekisela ekhonweni lendwangu edaywe noma ephrintiwe lokugcina umbala wayo wokuqala kanye nokukhanya (noma ukungafiphali) ngaphansi kwesenzo sezici ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle ngesikhathi senqubo yokudaya, ukuphrinta noma ukusebenzisa. Ukungaguquguquki kombala akuhlobene nje kuphela nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yendwangu, kodwa futhi kuhlobene ngqo nempilo nokuphepha komzimba womuntu. Imikhiqizo yendwangu, amadayi noma ama-pigment anokungaguquguquki kombala omncane angadluliselwa kalula esikhumbeni, futhi amakhemikhali ayingozi e-organic kanye nama-ion ensimbi esindayo aqukethwe kuwo angamuncwa umzimba womuntu ngesikhumba. Ezimweni zokukhanya, angenza abantu balume; ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, angaholela ku-erythema kanye nama-papules ebusweni besikhumba, futhi abangele ngisho nomdlavuza. Ikakhulukazi, inkomba yokungaguquguquki kombala wamathe kanye nokujuluka kwemikhiqizo yezingane ibaluleke kakhulu. Izinsana nezingane zingamunca umbala ngamathe nokujuluka, futhi amadayi ayingozi ezindwangu azobangela imiphumela emibi ezinganeni nasezinganeni.
4. Iphunga Elingavamile
Izindwangu ezingaphansi kwezinga elifanele zivame ukuhambisana nephunga elithile, ukuba khona kwephunga kubonisa ukuthi kunezinsalela zamakhemikhali eziningi kakhulu endwangu, okuyisibonakaliso esilula kakhulu kubathengi ukusahlulela. Ngemva kokuvulwa, indwangu ingabhekwa njengenephunga uma iphunga elilodwa noma ngaphezulu likaphethiloli obilayo, i-parafini, inhlanzi, noma ama-hydrocarbon anuka kamnandi.
5. Amadayi e-Azo Avinjelwe
Idayi ye-azo ivinjelwe ngokwayo futhi ayikho imiphumela eqondile yomdlavuza, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ikakhulukazi ukushesha kombala okungekuhle, ingxenye yedayi izodluliselwa esikhumbeni somuntu isuka endwangu, enkambisweni ye-metabolism evamile yokukhishwa komzimba womuntu kwe-catalysis yezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kokunciphisa i-aromatic amine, kancane kancane imuncwa umzimba womuntu ngesikhumba, ibangele isifo somzimba, futhi ngisho nesakhiwo sokuqala se-DNA singashintsha umzimba womuntu, sibangele umdlavuza njalo njalo.
6. Amadayi Okuhlakaza
Idayi ye-allergy ibhekisela kudayi ethile engabangela ukungezwani kwesikhumba, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila noma indlela yokuphefumula kubantu noma ezilwaneni. Njengamanje, sekutholakale izinhlobo ezingu-27 zamadayi azwelayo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-26 zamadayi asakazekile kanye nohlobo olulodwa lwamadayi e-asidi. Amadayi asakazekile avame ukusetshenziselwa ukudaya imikhiqizo emsulwa noma exubile ye-polyester, i-polyamide kanye ne-acetate fibers.
7. Okuqukethwe kwensimbi okunesisindo
Ukusetshenziswa kwamadayi okuhlanganisa insimbi kuwumthombo obalulekile wezinsimbi ezisindayo ezindwangu futhi imicu yezitshalo zemvelo ingamunca izinsimbi ezisindayo enhlabathini noma emoyeni ongcolile ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhula nokucubungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izesekeli zezingubo ezifana nama-zipper, izinkinobho nazo zingaqukatha izinto zensimbi ezisindayo zamahhala. Izinsalela zensimbi ezisindayo ngokweqile ezindwangu zizobangela ubuthi obukhulu obunqwabelanayo uma umzimba womuntu umunca ngesikhumba.
8. Insalela Yezibulala-zinambuzane
Ikakhulukazi ikhona ezibulala-zinambuzane ze-fiber yemvelo (ukotini), izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezindwangu ngokuvamile ziyisakhiwo esizinzile, kunzima uku-oxidation, ukubola, ubuthi, okumuncwa umzimba womuntu ngesikhumba ukuze kuqoqwe ukuzinza okukhona ezicutshini zomzimba, kanye nesibindi, izinso, ukuqongelela kwezicubu zenhliziyo, njengokuphazamiseka kokukhiqizwa okuvamile komzimba. Ukukhululwa, i-metabolism, njll.
9. Ukusha kwezindwangu ezijwayelekile zezingubo
Nakuba kunezindlela zokuhlola ukusebenza kokushisa kwendwangu ezingaphezu kweshumi, kodwa isimiso sokuhlola singahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: esisodwa ukuhlola isampula yendwangu elula ekugxilweni okuhlukene kwe-oxygen, i-nitrogen, iphesenti elincane elidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukushisa kumagesi axubile, okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen (okwaziwa nangokuthi inkomba ye-oxygen elinganiselwe), kanye nenkomba ye-oxygen elinganiselwe yathi ukusebenza kokushisa kwendwangu. Ngokuvamile, lapho inkomba ye-oxygen elinganiselwe iphansi, kulapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi indwangu ishise. Esesibili ukubuka nokuhlola iphuzu lomlilo wendwangu bese kwenzeka ukushisa (kufaka phakathi ukushisa kwentuthu). Ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuhlola, kunezinkomba eziningi zokuchaza ukusebenza kokushisa kwendwangu. Kunezinkomba zekhwalithi zokuchaza izici zokushisa, njengokuthi ngabe isampula ishisiwe, iyancibilika, i-carbonization, i-pyrolysis, iyancibilika, iyaqhekeka futhi iyancibilika, njll. Kukhona nezinkomba zobuningi zokuchaza izici zokushisa, njengobude bokushisa noma ububanzi (noma izinga lokushisa), isikhathi sokusha, isikhathi sokuqhubeka, isikhathi sokusha, isikhathi sokusabalala komlilo, indawo eyonakele kanye nenani lokuvezwa komlilo, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-10-2021